Also, we conduct an experimental implementation of the integrated 3D indoor navigation model for patrol service using GIS data. In order to do this, the study presents a method for linking data between omnidirectional images representing indoor spaces and topological data on indoor spaces based on the concept of IndoorGML. Therefore, this study proposes an indoor space application data model for an indoor patrol service that can implement functions suited to linking indoor space data and service objects. To perform these functions, topological data are needed to define the features of and spatial relationships among spatial objects including indoor spaces as well as facilities like CCTV cameras considered in patrol service applications. However, a georeferenced omnidirectional image cannot be used for simple attribute searches, spatial queries, and spatial awareness analyses. Among them, omnidirectional imaging is one of the most typical and simple methods for representing an indoor space. The proposed method contributes to the success of applying GIS and transportation geography concepts to establish computational tools toward intelligent design and assessment of built environments.ĭifferent indoor representation methods have been studied for their ability to provide indoor location-based services (LBS). This article presents an innovative custom computer-based design tool, dubbed FloorplanAAU (floor plan accessibility auditing), that couples GIS data modeling, indoor traversable network accessibility analysis, and interactive three-dimensional visualization for built environments, to interactively evaluate and audit floor plans for high accessibility. However, intelligent tools that can assist designers to achieve high accessibility, particularly for large and complex buildings, are still underdeveloped. This results in a virtual tour that may be opened with any web browser and gives an immersive and seamless visualization of navigation a 3D indoor environment.īuilt environments have played an increasingly important and complex role in contemporary cities in the face of the significant number of discretionary and non-discretionary event-based activities that take place indoors, and the great variety of three-dimensional designs that indoor spaces have grown to assume. In PanoTour, the location of adjacent Shooting Points would be pinpointed, and the corresponding view from those points in the corresponding images would be indicated. To generate the 3D virtual tour, the images were linked based on how each Shooting Point is connected to an adjacent Shooting Point using PanoTour. The stitched image is checked for misalignment or erroneous stitching, and additional control points may be selected if necessary. The overlaps ensured that control points common for at least 2 images in the set would be selected and used for stitching. The images captured at each Shooting Point were processed using PTGui, a panoramic stitching tool. A DSLR camera with a fisheye lens mounted on a rotator and tripod was used at these Shooting Points to acquire at least 6 fisheye images completing a 360-degree FOV to ensure sufficient overlap. CAD files of the building were used as a guide for selecting the Shooting Points, which are locations in the hallway from which image capture is carried out. The experiment was conducted in a building in a university campus. ![]() This paper presents a workflow for collecting omnidirectional images for generating a 3D visualization of a building interior in the form of a virtual tour. ![]() ![]() In addition, its 360-degree field-of view (FOV) gives detailed and seamless visualization to users. Omnidirectional images present a simple yet realistic method for geographically representing indoor space compared to commonly-utilized data like point cloud or solid object models, since (x, y, z) coordinates may be obtained from each pixel because they may be georeferenced. The need for indoor maps is also emphasized with the demand for data and information about indoor spaces, and for its applications in evacuation, way-finding and visualization. Nowadays, the development of maps of the indoor environment have been catching up with new technologies for data collection, processing, and modeling. Until recently, most mapping and visualization efforts have been concentrated for the outdoor environment.
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